![]() Thermal comfort parameters such as indoor air. The hospitals were selected randomly from the pool of government registry by considering the type of air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) systems installed in them. This study aimed to investigate indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort in the four Malaysian hospitals with the aid of subjective assessment and objective measurements. Compared to full-space air conditioning, zonal AC can reduce power consumption by up to 51%. This review concludes by stating the different possibilities for the reduction in power consumption and emphasizes zonal air conditioning of occupant space as a solution for reducing energy consumption or increasing the range of EVs. The effects of thermal load and volume of space to be conditioned were also considered in this study. This review article discusses the significance and influence of different components of the air conditioning system, and methods followed by researchers to optimize the performance and reduce the energy consumption of the air conditioning system to extend the range of vehicles. Air conditioning equipment is the major power-consuming auxiliary in an EV apart from the traction motor. Auxiliaries in the vehicle include basic accessories such as a lighting system and equipment for improved comfort such as air conditioners. The optimization of the consumption of stored energy is the best solution for range improvement in an EV. The range of the electric vehicle was identified to be one of the major challenges faced by the EV segment. In electric vehicles (EV), energy stored in batteries is used for the traction of the vehicle and the operation of the auxiliaries. View full-textĮnvironmental protection initiatives are speeding up the replacement of the present IC engine-based transportation system with an electric motor-driven system. The performance of the proposed method was validated, indicating an F-score of 0.834. Three time-series characteristics, including the durations of power-on/off states and power differences between power-off/on states, were used for this purpose. This method detects the state of IHPs by subtracting the power of sequential-operation appliances other than IHPs from the total household power. This study presents a rule-based method for identifying the occupants’ intended operation states of IHPs based on a statistical analysis of load data monitored at 423 dwellings. However, the current NILM methods overlook the specific features of inverter-controlled heat pumps (IHPs) used for space heating/cooling thus, they are unsuitable for detecting OBs. Therefore, estimating the turn-on/off state of specific home appliances from the measured household total electricity referred to as non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), has gained research attention. monitor only the total household consumption rather than appliance-level load. However, the majority of smart metres currently deployed worldwide. Thus, intensive research has been conducted on data collection, statistical analysis, and modelling of OBs. Understanding occupants’ behaviours (OBs) of heating and cooling use in dwellings is essential for effectively promoting occupants’ behavioural change for energy saving and achieving efficient demand response operation. Furthermore we demonstrate that the exclusion of individual gas boilers and the associated distribution network leads to only 1-2% higher system costs, if there is retrofitting of the thermal envelope. ![]() If all three instruments are applied, overall costs are reduced by up to 20% of which building renovation enables the largest benefit with cost savings of up to 17%. It is shown that the seasonal interaction between generation and heat demand determines the strength of usage of these measures. We focus on technologies to address these heating peaks, namely retrofitting the thermal envelope of buildings, thermal energy storage and individual hybrid heat pumps with backup methane boilers, in a net-zero emission sector coupled model. We show that the strong peaks of space heating demand in winter drive up the system cost by 30% compared to a heating profile with no seasonal variations. In this paper we examine how best to manage space heating demand peaks in a model comprising the European electricity, heat and transport sectors with high temporal and spatial resolution and with net carbon dioxide emissions constrained to be zero. Many scenarios to reach net-zero emissions in buildings rely on electrification via heat pumps as well as resistive heating, but meeting the peaks of demand in the winter can be challenging, particularly when wind and solar resources are low. Space and water heating accounts for 41% of final energy consumption in the European Union (EU) and thus plays a key role in reducing overall costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. ![]()
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